This is a phenomenon psychologists call functional fixedness.

一种心理学家称之为功能固着的现象。

That is difficult because we all suffer to one degree or another from func-tional fixedness.

困难的，因为我们都或多或少地承受着功能固着的痛苦。

Darwin proposed a similar idea to explain why barnacles, which are stuck in one place, are so amply endowed.

达尔文提出过一个类似的想法，来解释为何固着在一个地方的藤壶会有么多后代。

The urchin plague strikes at the kelp's holdfasts their crucial attachments to the rock.

海胆们正在吃巨藻的固着器 把巨藻固定在石头上的重要装置。

His development theory covered childhood stages and the impact of fixations on adult personalities.

他的发展理论涵盖了儿童成长阶段以及固着对成人性格的影响。

Thus the primary task-recognized as such by all speed reading courses-is to correct the fixations and regressions that slow so many readers down.

因此，所有速读课程都承认的首要任务纠正慢读者速度的固着和回归。

Instead of trying to reconstruct their fortunes, they engaged in a bitter and " violent contest with experience" -and ended up victims of that brooding fixation known as melancholia.

他们没有试图重建自己的命运，而进行了一场痛苦的“与经验的激烈较量”——最终成为被称为忧郁症的沉思固着的受害者。

In temperate and polar climates, up to 40  meters below the surface, dense populations of giant kelp, the largest brown algae, grip  the rocky seafloor with branching roots called holdfasts.

在温带和极地气候下，在海面以下 40 米深的地方，巨型海带（最大的褐藻）密集种群通过称为固着物的分枝根抓住岩石海底。

Both prevent blood clots from forming — blood thinners by preventing the formation of the clotting factors that hold clots together, and aspirin by preventing blood cells from clumping into groups that become clots.

两者都能防止血凝块的形成——血液稀释剂能阻碍将血凝块固着在一起的凝血因子的形成，而阿司匹林能阻止血细胞凝聚成可发展为血凝块的细胞群。