1.Early on, these lesions are usually pretty thin, so it's called thin leukoplakia.

在早期，这些病变往往较，因此可以将其称作薄白斑病。

2.These leukoplakias are usually painless but can't be easily scraped away.

这些白斑通常不引起疼痛，但不能刮去。

3.And leukoplakia specifically relates to a white plaque with no clear underlying cause.

口腔黏膜白斑特指没有明确诱因白色斑块。

4.At the cellular level, leukoplakia typically shows a thickened keratin layer.

从细胞学层面看，口腔黏膜白斑典型表是增厚角质层。

5.Now, the exact cause for leukoplakia is unknown, but a known risk factor is tobacco use.

在我们还不能明确口腔黏膜白斑致病因素，但有一个明确高危因素：即烟用。

6.Now, a lesion that looks like leukoplakia, but isn't, is an area of frictional keratosis.

如图是一种看起来像口腔黏膜白斑，但其实不是病损——摩擦性角化。

7.The first one of these is leukoplakia, where leuko- means white and -plakia means a flat, raised patch or plaque.

第一种是口腔黏膜白斑：leuko-意为白色，-plakia意为隆起、表面平整斑块。

8.These can either go away on their own, remain unchanged, or grow and become thicker, at which point it's called thick leukoplakia.

这类薄白斑可能自行消失、保持原状或变厚；一旦变厚，就发展成了厚白斑病。

9.Signs of precancerous development include areas of leukoplakia, erythroplakia, erythroleukoplakia or any other abnormal appearing tissue or masses.

癌前征象包括口腔黏膜白斑、红斑、红白斑或出其它不正常组织或肿块。

10.If it becomes bumpy it's called nodular leukoplakia, and if it becomes wart-like it's called verrucous leukoplakia.

如果白斑表面变得凹凸不平，便称之为结节状黏膜白斑；如果白斑形状像疣，则称其为疣状黏膜白斑。

11.However, leukoplakia is considered a precancerous condition, meaning that compared to normal tissue, it's more likely to develop into a cancer in the future.

但是，口腔黏膜白斑认为是一种癌前病变，意思是相对于正常组织来说，它在未来发展成癌症可能性更大。

12.Erythroplakias are more serious than leukoplakia because almost always when they are removed and examined under the microscope they will show severe dysplasia, or early cancer.

黏膜红斑要比黏膜白斑严重得多，因为在显微镜下观察这些组织时，它们几乎都表出了明显异型增生，或癌变早期征象。

13.Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia can turn into a particular type of squamous cell cancer called verrucous carcinoma, and it's also sometimes called snuff-dipper's cancer since it is more common among users of snuff and other forms of chewing tobacco.

增生性疣状白斑可发展成一种特殊鳞状细胞癌，即疣状癌，有时也叫作“鼻烟”癌，因为这在鼻烟和其它形式嚼烟用者中更常见。