Macro questions are things like " What caused the transition from feudalism to capitalism? "

比如“是什么使封社会走向资本？”就是一个宏观问题。

In Europe feudalism and chivalry arrived on horseback, as did Napoleon's troops.

在欧洲，封士精神是马而来的，拿破仑的军队也是如此。

A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism.

所以，我们仍需长期的努力，以避免一个数字专制的未来。

Since then, students in primary schools and high schools have been liberated from the claimed trash of feudalism.

自从这以后，中小学生摆脱了封的束缚。

As a result, students are taught to associate traditional classic books with backwardness of feudalism.

导致老师教授学生的是传统典籍与封制度的结合。

They viewed dynamite rather as the way in which muskets helped end the domain of feudalism.

他们把炸药看成是终结了封的毛瑟枪一样。

Historians see enormous political and economic impacts. Worker shortages gave serfs more bargaining power and hastened the end of feudalism.

历史学家看到了巨大的政治经济影响。工人短缺给农奴们更多的议价能力，加速了封的终结。

This is where capitalism was replacing feudalism.

这就是资本取代封的地方。

It's an internalized feudalism which imagines that only certain people but not oneself, have the right, preordained, to get certain things.

这是一种内心的封制度，认为某些人而不是自己，才有权利或注定获得某些东西。

In feudalism, being a lord or a peasant was a legal matter.

在封制度下，做领或农民是一件合法的事情。

Feudalism, which had pervaded Europe in the High  Middle Ages, was witnessing its ultimate demise.

在中世纪盛期遍及欧洲的封正在目睹其最终的灭亡。

During the centuries of feudalism, neither serfs nor nobles were businessmen.

在封制度的几个世纪里，农奴贵族都不是商人。

It's an old word that describes a system, common in the Middle Ages in Europe, called " feudalism" (feudalism).

这是一个描述一种制度的古老词， 通用于中世纪的欧洲，叫做“封” （feudalism）。

With it, the period of tribal rules was finished and feudalism installed.

就这样，部落统治的时期结束了，封开始了。

Before the plague, Europe was overpopulated – and  feudalism was the norm.

在瘟疫爆发之前，欧洲人口过剩——封是常态。

With the Norman Conquest, the period of tribal rule was finished and feudalism installed.

随着诺曼征服，部落统治时期结束，封开始立。

There would be the same scarcity under feudalism or socialism or in a tribal society.

在封、社会或部落社会中也会存在同样的稀缺性。

The feudalism system was still prevalent, but there were whispers of change in the air.

封制度仍然盛行， 但空气中已有了变革的低语。

King William I changed many parts of  Anglo-Saxon life, mainly because he expanded feudalism in England.

威廉一世国王改变了盎格鲁撒克逊人生活的许多方面，要是因为他扩大了英格兰的封制度。

Maybe you'd think back to Marx or Durkheim and say that it was the shift from feudalism to capitalism.

也许你会回想起马克思或涂尔干，并说这是从封到资本的转变。