I want to turn briefly to one other application of Kant's moral theory and that's his political theory.

我想暂时转向德道德哲学的另一个应，是他的政治理论。

14-4SUMMARY German Idealism developed in reaction to Kant's philosophy.

14-4总结 德国唯心主义是德哲学的回应而发展起来的。

The German approach to idealism had Kantian philosophy as its starting point.

德国的唯心主义方法以德哲学为出发点。

What a comedown from the great tradition of philosophy from Aristotle to Kant!

从亚里士多德到德，伟大的哲学传统是多么的落啊！

Thus, the idea of God has importance in Kant's philosophy, as do other regulative ideas.

因此，上帝的观念在德的哲学中很重要，其他规范性观念是如此。

He believed that Kant had achieved genuine progress in philosophy, and he intended to carry forward what Kant had begun.

他相信德在哲学上取得了真正的进步，他打算将德已经开始的事情发扬光大。

Critical philosophy for Kant was, therefore, not the negation of metaphysics but rather a preparation for it.

因此，德来说，批判哲学不是形而上学的否定，而是形而上学的准备。

13-3Kant's critical philosophy and his Copernican revolution The turning point in Kant's intellectual development was his encounter with Hume's empiricism.

13-3德的批判哲学和他的哥白尼革命德智力发展的转折点是他与休谟的经验主义的相遇。

Still, this was precisely what Kant thought moral philosophy should provide us in order to guide our moral behavior.

尽管如此，这正是德认为道德哲学应该提供给我们的东西，以指导我们的道德行为。

Other German philosophers also joined in the enterprise of transforming Kant's critical philosophy into a metaphysical idealism—most notably, Hegel, Schelling, and Schopenhauer.

其他德国哲学家加入了将德的批判哲学转变为形而上学唯心主义的事业——最著名的是黑格尔、谢林和叔本华。

14-4-3Phenomenal and Noumenal Reality A major aspect of Kant's critical philosophy was his insistence that human knowledge is forever limited in its scope.

14-4-3现象和本位现实 德批判哲学的一个主要方面是他坚持认为人类知识的范围永远有限。

3 Hegel argues against what he sees as the rigid opposition between the universal (conceived as the domain of law) and the particular (conceived as living individuality) in Kant's practical philosophy.

3 黑格尔反德实践哲学中普遍（被视为法律领域）与特殊（被视为活生生的个体）之间的严格立。

Apart from minor grounds on which Kant's philosophy may be criticized, there is one main objection which seems fatal to any attempt to deal with the problem of a priori knowledge by his method.

除了可能批评德哲学的次要理由外，还有一个主要的反意见似乎任何试图他的方法处理先验知识问题的尝试都是致命的。

The question which Kant put at the beginning of his philosophy, namely 'How is pure mathematics possible'? is an interesting and difficult one, to which every philosophy which is not purely sceptical must find some answer.

德在其哲学开篇提出的问题，即“纯数学何以可能”？是一个有趣而困难的问题，每一种非纯粹怀疑的哲学都必须找到一些答案。

Thus according to the philosophers before Kant, the law of contradiction, which asserts that nothing can at the same time have and not have a certain property, sufficed to establish the truth of all a priori knowledge.

因此，根据德之前的哲学家，矛盾律断言任何事物都不能同时具有和不具有某种属性，足以确立所有先验知识的真实性。